Genital conditions refer to any diseases, infections, abnormalities, or issues affecting the male or female reproductive organs, such as the penis, testicles, scrotum, vulva, vagina, and labia.

Common male genital issues include:

• Phimosis (tight foreskin)
• Cryptorchidism (undescended testis – single/both sides)
• Hyospadias (abnormal external urinary opening)
  
• Hydrocele (fluid around testicle)
• Inguinal Hernia (small part of bowel protrudes through a weak spot in groin)
• Epididymo-orchitis (infection of the testis and epididymis)
• Varicocele (enlarged veins in scrotum)
• Sebaceous cysts in scrotum
• Erectile dysfunction
• Testicular torsion (twisting of the spermatic cord that supplies blood to the testicle)
• Priapism (prolonged painful erection unrelated to sexual stimulation)
• Short frenulum (fold of skin connecting foreskin to the glans causing painful erection/intercourse)
• Peyronie’s disease (abnormal curvature of penis due to plaque like deposition)
• Genital infections like balanoposthitis(infection of the foreskin) or Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

In women, genital issues can include:

• Recurrent vaginal infections
  
• Vulval itching or swelling
  
• Bartholin’s cyst
  
• Urinary incontinence
• Urethral caruncle
  
• Pain during intercourse
  
• Skin disorders or lesions

Phimosis is a condition where the foreskin cannot be pulled back over the head of the penis. Definitive treatment is circumcision if it causes problems.

Balanitis is inflammation of the head of the penis, often caused by poor hygiene, infections, or irritants. It can lead to redness, swelling, and discharge.

A hydrocele is a collection of fluid around the testicle, causing painless swelling in the scrotum. It is common in newborns but can occur in adults and may need surgical correction if large or uncomfortable.

Varicocele is enlarged veins in the scrotum, which can affect fertility in some men. It may require surgery if it causes discomfort or sperm abnormalities.

Common causes include yeast infections, bacterial vaginosis, allergies, hormonal changes, or skin conditions like lichen sclerosus.

Vulvovaginitis is inflammation of the vulva and vagina, leading to symptoms like itching, burning, discharge, or discomfort. It may be due to infection or irritation.

Yes. Untreated infections like chlamydia or gonorrhea can lead to infertility in both men and women by damaging reproductive organs.

Bartholin’s cyst is a fluid-filled swelling near the vaginal opening. It occurs when a gland gets blocked and may need drainage or minor surgery if infected or painful.

Peyronie’s disease is a condition where the penis develops scar tissue, causing it to bend or curve during erections, which can affect sexual function and confidence.

STI symptoms may include:

• Sores, blisters, or discharge
  
• Pain while urinating
  
• Itching or burning
  
  

Swelling in the genital area
Some STIs may have no symptoms, so testing is important.

Yes. Most genital conditions can be effectively treated with medications, minor procedures, or surgery, depending on the cause.

Not always. Itching can also be caused by allergies, dryness, or skin conditions. A proper evaluation is necessary to find the cause.

Yes. Some genital issues, especially infections or prostate-related conditions, may cause painful urination, frequent urination, or urinary discomfort.

You should consult a urologist if you notice:

• Pain or swelling in the genitals
  
• Unusual discharge or odor
  
• Sores or lumps
  
• Difficulty with urination or sexual function

Some genital conditions, especially STDs, are contagious. Others, like hydrocele or varicocele, are not infectious.

Yes. Conditions like undescended testis, phimosis, labial adhesions, or hernias are seen in children and should be evaluated by a pediatric urologist or surgeon.

You can visit Dr. P. Niranjanraj, Urologist at Niranjan Hospital, Perambalur, for expert diagnosis and treatment of genital health issues in both men and women.